Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as hepatitis B and C infections, alcohol-related liver disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This aggressive malignancy typically arises in the context of cirrhosis, where liver function is compromised, leading to a range of symptoms that may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice. Early detection is crucial, as HCC often presents at an advanced stage, making treatment more challenging; however, screening methods such as ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) testing can help identify tumors at an earlier stage. Therapeutic strategies for HCC include surgical options like resection and liver transplantation, as well as locoregional therapies such as radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization. In recent years, systemic therapies, including targeted therapies and immunotherapy, have shown promise in managing advanced HCC, offering new hope for patients with this once difficult-to-treat cancer. As research continues to evolve, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC development and progression is essential for developing more effective prevention and treatment strategies